Arabic 
English 
A master's thesis in private law at the Faculty of Law and Political Science discussed: The Retrospective Impact of the Civil Judicial Rule / A Comparative Analytical Study by the Student: Ahmed Egyad Thamer, in Hammurabi Hall, on Wednesday morning, corresponding to 7/5/2023.
The discussion committee consisted of the following professors:
1. a. Dr.. Ahmed Samir Muhammad/ University of Kirkuk/ Faculty of Law and Political Science... Chair
2. a. Dr.. Yasser Basem Thanoun / University of Mosul / Faculty of Law ... Member
3. a. Dr.. Hala Salah Yassin/ University of Kirkuk/ Faculty of Law and Political Science... Member
4A. Dr.. Furat Rustom Amin / University of Kirkuk / College of Law and Political Science ... member and supervisor
The letter clarified the retroactive effect of the civil judicial ruling linguistically as what results in the return of the ruling to what was given to it as a place, status, or adjective, or it is the result of the return of the ruling to what was the case before its issuance. In terminology, it is the infringement of the judicial ruling on what has settled in the past in terms of the formation or expiration of the legal status, or the elements of that formation or expiration, or the consequences thereof.
The thesis concluded that the principle of non-retroactivity is the opposite of the principle of retroactive effect, as the principle of non-retroactivity limits the scope of application of legal action, and confines it to events that occur after its enforcement. As for the principle of retroactive effect, it expands the impact of legal action and extends it to the past, and is applied to the facts that have taken place. before its entry into force; It simplifies the scope of application of legal work in terms of time, and includes the past, present and future in this scope. As for the principle of non-retroactivity, it limits the scope of application of legal work in terms of time and makes it confined to the present and future only.
